clinical neuroanatomy made ridiculously simple 5th pdf

The last section of the study was designed to study and analyze the outcomes of the ultrasonographical method for evaluating a thyroid lesion along with the reports of the histopathology to later find out the sensitivity and the specificity of the ultrasound in confirming thyroid malignancy. Furthermore, an assessment of the health comorbidities was done to better evaluate the subjects. Of the subjects, 123 were females and 14 were males.

The authors retrospectively evaluated the electronic medical records of 137 patient subjects during the study period of October to November, 2021, in King Salman Specialist Hospital. In this study, the data collected was evaluated to determine the accuracy of ultrasonography compared to FNAB guided by ultrasonography in the diagnosis of thyroid malignancy among the population in the Ha'il region in the two-year period of 2019-2020. This data collection process was focused on patients who were admitted to the hospital with thyroid-related diseases or outpatients who visited the hospital with similar complaints. Data were collected from the patient’s medical records and reviewed. This study is a retrospective evaluation of a prospectively maintained data set of patients at the King Salman Specialist Hospital, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia. įNAB is currently the gold standard for evaluating and assessment of thyroid nodules that could be cancerous. Thyroid cancer is diagnosed histologically through fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and is categorized into four types: (i) papillary thyroid carcinoma, which is the most common type of thyroid cancer and is the least aggressive type of cancer, because it grows and metastasis slowly (ii) follicular thyroid carcinoma, which is almost 14% of thyroid malignancies, is more aggressive than papillary thyroid carcinoma (iii) medullary thyroid carcinoma, a cancer of non-thyroid cells that are normally present in the thyroid gland, medullary thyroid cancer is almost 3% of thyroid malignancies (iv) anaplastic thyroid cancer, which is almost 2% of thyroid cancers and is the most dangerous type of thyroid malignancies because it metastasizes early to the surrounding lymph nodes and also distant organs. The features of ultrasonography that are suspicious of thyroid cancer include the presence of marked hypo-echogenicity, micro-lobulated or irregular margins, micro-calcifications, and a taller-than-wide shape. įor investigation, ultrasound imaging and fine-needle aspiration cytology is needed. The clinical manifestations of thyroid cancer include thyroid nodule, difficulty in swallowing, difficulty with breathing, and hoarseness of voice. One of the most important risk factors is exposure to ionizing in some environments, along with female gender, age, and genetics. The incidence of thyroid cancer worldwide has increased at a higher rate than any other cancer in the past several decades, while mortality rates for thyroid cancer have remained almost stable. Thyroid cancer is the fifth most common cancer in females and the second most common in women older than 50 years.

Thyroid cancer is the most common form of endocrine cancer worldwide, with an incidence of 56 cases per 100,000. Also, it is highly sensitive and specific, cost-effective, and convenient for the patient. Result: Our study results have concluded that the sensitivity of the ultrasonography in the confirmation of a malignant thyroid lesion is 59.4% and its specificity was found to be 74.3%.Ĭonclusion: The study showed that ultrasonography using Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data Systems (TIRADS) is a significant step in evaluating a thyroid nodule. Patients who presented with thyroid swellings underwent ultrasonography and FNAB. Methods: A retrospective evaluation of 137 patients was undertaken at King Salman Specialist Hospital, Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Ultrasonography is widely used in order to assess thyroid nodules, Therefore, the aim of our study is to determine the accuracy of ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB)-guided by ultrasonography in the diagnosis of thyroid malignancy among the population in the Ha'il region of Saudi Arabia.

Background: Thyroid cancer is one of the common malignant conditions of the head and neck region, and it is considered as one of the most common cancers among endocrine tumors.

Clinical neuroanatomy made ridiculously simple 5th pdf